Chapter 6 of 8

6Spotlight: Austria and Switzerland

13 min read · 8 figures · 4 tables · 40 sources

Austria and Switzerland hold 718 of the 4,410 manufacturers in the DACH population. A maker that sells into all three countries meets two more grid regimes and, at the Swiss border, the EU’s third-country rules. Austria shares EU product law with Germany, but its new Electricity Act makes only generators controllable and leaves heat pumps to contracts. Swiss makers are third-country manufacturers under the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) and need a legal representative in the EU under the Data Act, whatever becomes of the mutual recognition agreement (MRA) with the EU. For machinery, an EU economic operator is added from 2027 for as long as the MRA machinery chapter is not updated. The chapter sets out both countries in the same order, from what is different through the key dates to what they mean for makers, and closes with the rules for Swiss makers on the EU market.

6.1 Austria

6.1.1 Differences from Germany

Austria applies the same EU product law as Germany but has no counterpart to § 14a EnWG. Its new Electricity Act (ElWG) obliges generators, not consumption devices, to be controllable.335 A heat pump sold in Austria therefore needs no grid operator control interface by law. Consumption devices become controllable through contracts on flexible grid access, through aggregators or through market-based procurement of flexibility.335 Germany’s § 14a EnWG, by contrast, lets the grid operator dim new heat pumps and wallboxes.61

The meter is almost everywhere, the data are not. At the end of 2024, 96.9 % of Austria’s 6.74 million metering points had a smart meter, but only one in eight of these meters (12.6 %) ran the opt-in configuration that transmits 15-minute values.132

Of the population’s manufacturers, 318 are Austrian, and we estimate that 132 to 248 of them make connected products.175 Machine building is the core of the Austrian population. Division 28 has more employees than divisions 26 and 27 together175 (Table 13).

ÖNACE Products Enterprises of which 50-249 of which 250+ Employees
26 Electronic and optical products 704 54 19 34,888
27 Electrical equipment 625 71 42 52,050
28 Machinery and equipment 1,426 192 98 104,506
32.5 Medical and dental instruments 877 13 4 9,121
Table 13: Manufacturers in Austria by division, 2023

Source: [175].

The metal technology industry (FMTI) exported 79.0 % of its preliminary 2025 production value of €47.0 bn.182 The electrical and electronics industry sold €23.6 bn of production in 2025, about half the metal technology figure, with 71,932 staff.181

Austrian makers also face a second cybersecurity law. The NIS 2 Directive covers the manufacture of electronic and optical products, electrical equipment and machinery (NACE C26, C27 and C28) for medium-sized and large entities.166 Every firm in the Austrian population has at least 100 employees.

6.1.2 Key dates

Three Austrian dates fall inside the life of a product launched in 2027: controllable generators since 1 June 2026, the new NIS law since 1 October 2026 and the end of A1’s 2G network on 31 May 2028.6, 334, 335 The Nationalrat passed the ElWG on 12 December 2025 by 116 votes to 47, the two-thirds majority it needed.323 Most of its provisions on meters and flexibility are already in force, and some apply from later dates335 (Table 14).

Provision Rule Applies from
§ 49 Smart meters at all metering points; on request within two months in force
§ 50 (2) Minimum functions: 15-minute values stored at least 60 days; daily remote reading over a bidirectional interface; remote disconnection; a unidirectional interface that gives the customer the measured values in force
§ 54 (2) Households may refuse 15-minute values, except at metering points with a heat pump, charging point, storage or generation unit in force
§ 63 Customers and generators may sell load and feed-in control on all electricity markets, alone or through aggregators in force
§ 76 New or substantially modified generation units from 3.68 kW need a control device with a standardised interface; operator control by 1 June 2028 (> 25 kW), 1 June 2029 (3.68-25 kW), 1 January 2030 (0.8-3.68 kW, on request) 1 June 2026
§ 101 Peak capping: PV feed-in not limited below 70 % of module peak power; wind at most 1 % of annual energy PV in force; wind 1 January 2027
§ 103 Flexible grid access: the operator may cap grid-effective power while capacity is lacking; consumption and storage units may opt in in force
§ 139 Market-based procurement of flexibility where cheaper than grid expansion; joint proposal to the regulator within nine months in force
Table 14: ElWG provisions for connected building devices

Source: [335].

The Network and Information Systems Security Act 2026 (NISG 2026) transposes NIS 2 and creates the Federal Office for Cybersecurity as supervisory authority. Its substantive provisions apply from 1 October 2026.334 All Austrian operators had closed their 3G networks by 2025, and the Austrian Economic Chamber expects the other operators to follow A1 and close 2G by 2028.413

6.1.3 Implications for makers

A building device sold in Germany and Austria needs one hardware platform with two control paths: a § 14a interface for Germany and an aggregator or energy management interface for Austria.335 A hybrid system with PV or a battery from 3.68 kW also needs the § 76 control device from 1 June 2026.335 The grid operator signals only the power at the connection point, and optimisation behind the meter stays with the owner.335

The standardised interface is set in the technical and organisational rules (TOR) of the regulator E-Control, not in the act.335 The TOR for type A generation units have applied since 1 June 2026. They require a digital interface that the grid operator reaches over the owner’s internet connection with an OpenADR protocol based on IEC 62746-10-1, rule out third-party systems in between and require the setpoint to be met within one minute.121 A maker’s cloud therefore cannot carry the grid operator’s signal. The grid operators are to specify the Austrian OpenADR profile by 31 October 2026 and publish it by 31 December 2026.121

The smart meter supplies the data. It must offer the customer a unidirectional interface with the measured values, and at metering points with a heat pump or charging point its 15-minute values cannot be switched off.335 For security, NIS 2 governs the firm’s own networks, including the development and update infrastructure the CRA relies on, while the CRA governs the product.166, 171 One incident process can serve both if it routes product vulnerabilities to the CRA reporting platform and incidents in the firm’s own systems to the national authority.

6.2 Switzerland

6.2.1 Differences from Germany

Switzerland is the opposite of Germany on grid control. Since 1 January 2026 the owners of installations hold their flexibility, and anyone who wants to use it, the grid operator included, needs a contract.344

The Electricity Supply Ordinance (StromVV) sets out the details. Contracts state the control system, scope, remuneration and term, and grid operators publish their rates every year.345 Without consent or pay, the grid operator may only curtail feed-in at the connection point, by at most 3 % of the energy generated there per year, and act in an immediate threat to grid security.345 Ripple control of heat pumps used before 2026 continues unless the owner objects.345

Of the population’s manufacturers, 400 are Swiss, and we estimate that 153 to 313 of them make connected products.56 Electronics, watches included, and machinery employ most of the staff in the Swiss divisions56 (Table 15). Watch-making accounts for almost half of division 26’s employment.55 Medical technology, about 1,400 firms with about 72,000 employees, trades more than half of its exports and imports with the EU, and 43 % of the surveyed firms plan no investment, the highest share since the survey began.371

NOGA Products Enterprises of which 50-249 of which 250+ Employees
26 Electronic and optical products, watches 1,920 260 82 124,075
27 Electrical equipment 816 90 24 27,831
28 Machinery and equipment 1,850 292 58 81,810
32 Other manufacturing, incl. medical devices 3,647 62 20 30,813
Table 15: Manufacturers in Switzerland by division, 2024

Source: [56].

The Swiss tech industry (machinery, electrical and metal industries) grew its exports by 0.7 % to CHF 68.1 bn in 2025, with exports to the EU up 3.5 % and to the United States down 7.6 %.378 Its capacity utilisation stayed below the long-term average of 85.6 %, at 81.5 % in the fourth quarter of 2025378 and 81.1 % in the second quarter of 2026.377

6.2.2 Key dates

The Swiss dates that matter to makers fall between January 2026 and December 2027:

  • Already passed. 2G is off, and Swisscom ended 3G service at the end of 2025. Sunrise scheduled its 3G shutdown for the same date.47, 373
  • 1 January 2026. The flexibility rules of the StromVG and StromVV apply.344
  • 31 January 2026. Grid operators’ guidelines on smart meter data formats due.345
  • 20 January 2027. The EU Machinery Regulation applies.168
  • End of 2027. 80 % of the meters in each grid area must be smart.345
  • 11 December 2027. The main CRA obligations apply to Swiss products sold in the EU.171

6.2.3 Implications for makers

A device for the Swiss market needs an interface that a grid operator or a third party can use under contract, but no prescribed one.344, 345 A heat pump maker therefore designs for voluntary, paid control with an owner’s veto in Switzerland, not for dimming by the grid operator under § 14a EnWG.

The meter becomes the device’s data source. Art. 8adecies StromVV requires a customer interface that delivers measured values at the moment of capture in an internationally common data format, with updatable meter software.345 From 2028 most Swiss households and businesses will therefore have a meter that an energy manager, heat pump or wallbox can read without a meter of its own.345 At the end of 2024, 2.94 million smart meters were in operation, half (50.2 %) of all meters, against 26.1 % in 2021.46

6.3 Swiss manufacturers on the EU market

The five acts apply to every product placed on the EU market, wherever its manufacturer is based. The Data Act says so expressly for manufacturers of connected products “irrespective of the place of establishment”.170, 171 What changes for a Swiss manufacturer is who else carries duties, which authority it deals with and whether the mutual recognition agreement (MRA) still recognises its machinery assessments once the Machinery Regulation applies.

Importer. The EU importer of a Swiss product may place it on the market only after ensuring that the CRA conformity assessment was carried out and the technical documentation exists. The product must also bear the CE marking and come with the EU declaration of conformity and the required user information.171 The importer adds its own name and contact details to the product, packaging or accompanying document and informs the manufacturer of any vulnerability it becomes aware of. It keeps the declaration for at least ten years or the support period, whichever is longer.171

Authorised representative. Under the CRA the appointment is optional, by written mandate. The mandate must at least cover keeping the declaration and documentation available, answering authorities and cooperating on corrective action. It cannot take over the manufacturer’s design and vulnerability-handling obligations.171 For radio equipment, electrical equipment and machinery, Article 4 of the Market Surveillance Regulation requires an economic operator established in the Union, which is the importer, an authorised representative or a fulfilment service provider, whose name appears on the product.165 The Machinery Regulation keeps this duty for machinery.167, 168 The MRA chapters for radio equipment and for electrical equipment refer to the directives in force and accept a manufacturer or importer established in Switzerland for labelling and for keeping the documentation.343 A Swiss maker therefore needs neither a contract with an EU economic operator nor its contact details on the product, as long as the MRA chapter for its product is up to date.125 The Data Act adds its own requirement, independent of the MRA. An entity not established in the Union that makes connected products available in the Union must designate a legal representative in a Member State, and falls under that Member State’s competence.170

Reporting. The reporting obligations of Art. 14, which have applied since 11 September 2026, bind the Swiss manufacturer directly.171 A manufacturer without a main establishment in the Union reports to the CSIRT of the Member State where its authorised representative is established. Failing that, the Member State of the importer placing the most of its products is responsible, then that of the distributor, then the Member State with the most users.171 Appointing an authorised representative in Germany or Austria therefore fixes which CSIRT a Swiss manufacturer deals with.

Swiss law at home. Switzerland has no act in force equivalent to the CRA or the Data Act. On 25 September 2026 the Federal Council moved the drafting of a Cybersecurity Act from the Federal Office for Cybersecurity (BACS), mandated in August 2025, to the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport (DDPS), with a draft due by June 2027. The act is to follow the CRA, bind manufacturers, importers and distributors and allow a sales ban on insecure products.45, 351 Consultation, parliament and a possible referendum still lie ahead. We therefore do not expect it to apply before 11 December 2027.

Two sector rules mirror EU cybersecurity requirements, one planned and one in force. For machinery, the revised Swiss Machinery Ordinance (MaschV) would take over the EU Machinery Regulation’s requirements on protection against corruption and on the safety and reliability of control systems, together with the presumption of conformity for machines certified under an EU cybersecurity scheme.125, 168 No Swiss certificates of that kind exist.125 For radio equipment, the Telecommunications Installations Ordinance (FAV), read with the BAKOM ordinance on telecommunications installations (VFAV), takes over the three requirements of Delegated Regulation 2022/30.125, 346 Since 1 August 2025, the same date as in the EU, radio equipment that does not meet them may no longer be placed on the Swiss market.346 CE marking is generally not required in Switzerland.365 A Swiss maker selling into DACH thus builds to EU law for Germany and Austria and uses the same design at home.

6.3.1 The MRA question

The MRA covers 20 product sectors, including machinery (chapter 1), medical devices, electrical equipment and radio and telecommunications terminal equipment (chapter 7), and thus 73 % of Swiss industrial exports to the EU.349, 365 Its core is that conformity is assessed once, in Switzerland or in the EU.349 The CRA is not among its chapters. A CRA conformity assessment by a Swiss body is therefore not recognised through the MRA, and where a Class I or II product needs a notified body, it must be one notified in the EU.365 Since 26 May 2021 the EU has refused to update the agreement while institutional questions were open. The medical devices chapter has therefore stayed as it was, and medical device makers have lived with third-country status since then.349

The EU-Swiss package (Bilaterals III) is meant to end that blockage by adding institutional elements to the MRA, so that it follows EU law regularly.349 The agreements were signed on 2 March 2026 and sent to parliament the same month, without an entry-into-force date.124 The amending protocol to the MRA rewrites the agreement’s institutional articles and chapters 4, 5, 11 and 15 of its annex, not the machinery chapter. It enters into force only together with the other agreements of the package.85, 124

For machine builders the test comes on 20 January 2027.168 The MRA machinery chapter, in its version of 22 December 2017, still refers to the Machinery Directive and the MaschV of 2 April 2008.343 Updating it to Regulation 2023/1230 requires an equivalent Swiss ordinance and the consent of both parties in the Joint Committee.125 The totally revised MaschV takes over the Regulation by reference and is to enter into force on the same day.125 The consultation ran from 19 September to 19 December 2025.342, 350 The explanatory report expects the MRA chapter to be updated in time and has the economics ministry (WBF) examine the consequences if it is not.125

So far, the Federal Council has not adopted the revised ordinance and the Joint Committee has not updated the chapter. The MaschV in force is the version of 20 January 2024, and SECO’s designation of machinery standards of 9 October 2026 still refers to the 2008 ordinance and the standards cited under the Directive.343, 347, 364 The Federal Council can still adopt the ordinance in time, but the update of the chapter also needs the EU’s consent. Until then, a Swiss machine builder exporting to the EU needs an EU economic operator named on the product and, for Annex I machinery, an EU notified body349 (Table 16).

Area MRA updated Machinery chapter not updated
Machinery conformity assessment once, in Switzerland, recognised in the EU EU conformity assessment needed
EU economic operator, labelling not needed for machinery importer or authorised representative in the EU; relabelling
CRA (cybersecurity) outside the MRA: EU rules apply in full, importer duties apply same
Medical devices update possible after entry into force third-country status continues, as since 2021
Table 16: Effects of the two MRA outcomes for Swiss makers

Note: “MRA updated” assumes the EU-Swiss package in force. Sources: [349, 365].

In summary

Taken together, one product built to EU law serves all three countries, but each grid needs its own control path and every Swiss maker needs an EU partner with duties of its own. Neither depends on the MRA or on a future Swiss cybersecurity act. The next chapter shows who can supply the stack that meets these rules.

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Contents

Report overview
  1. 1Deadlines and scope
  2. 2Device requirements
  3. 3Cost per device
  4. 4Technology and architecture
  5. 5Spotlight: logistics tracking
  6. 6Spotlight: Austria and Switzerland
  7. 7Vendor landscape
  8. 8Recommendations
  9. AMethod
  10. BLegal basis
  11. CCost model
  12. DVendor directory
  13. EFunding programmes
  14. About RUBINLAKE
  15. Disclaimer
  16. References